-
1 mountain soils
-
2 mountain soils
-
3 mountain soils
-
4 mountain
montaña; monte* -
5 mountain
mont; montagne* -
6 mountain
* -
7 Agriculture
Historically, Portugal's agricultural efficiency, measured in terms of crop yields and animal productivity, has been well below that of other European countries. Agricultural inefficiency is a consequence of Portugal's topography and climate, which varies considerably from north to south and has influenced farm size and farming methods. There are three major agricultural zones: the north, center, and south. The north (the area between the Douro and Minho Rivers, including the district of Trás-os-Montes) is mountainous with a wet (180-249 cm of rainfall/year), moderately cool climate. It contains about 2 million hectares of cultivated land excessively fragmented into tiny (3-5 hectares) family-owned farms, or minifúndios, a consequence of ancient settlement patterns, a strong attachment to the land, and the tradition of subdividing land equally among family members. The farms in the north produce the potatoes and kale that are used to make caldo verde soup, a staple of the Portuguese diet, and the grapes that are used to make vinho verde (green wine), a light sparkling white wine said to aid the digestion of oily and greasy food. Northern farms are too small to benefit from mechanization and their owners too poor to invest in irrigation, chemical fertilizers, or better seeds; hence, agriculture in the north has remained labor intensive, despite efforts to regroup minifúndios to increase farm size and efficiency.The center (roughly between the Douro and the Tagus River) is bisected by the Mondego River, the land to either side of which is some of the most fertile in Portugal and produces irrigated rice, corn, grapes, and forest goods on medium-sized (about 100 hectares) farms under a mixture of owner-cultivation and sharecropping. Portugal's center contains the Estrela Mountains, where sheep raising is common and wool, milk, and cheese are produced, especially mountain cheese ( Queijo da Serra), similar to French brie. In the valley of the Dão River, a full-bodied, fruity wine much like Burgundy is produced. In the southern part of the center, where the climate is dry and soils are poor, stock raising mixes with cereal crop cultivation. In Estremadura, the area north of Lisbon, better soils and even rainfall support intensive agriculture. The small farms of this area produce lemons, strawberries, pears, quinces, peaches, and vegetables. Estremadura also produces red wine at Colares and white wine at Buçelas.The south (Alentejo and Algarve) is a vast rolling plain with a hot arid climate. It contains about 2.6 million hectares of arable land and produces the bulk of Portugal's wheat and barley. It also produces one of Portugal's chief exports, cork, which is made from bark cut from cork oaks at nine-year intervals. There are vast groves of olive trees around the towns of Elvas, Serpa, and Estremoz that provide Portugal's olives. The warm climate of the Algarve (the most southern region of Portugal) is favorable for the growing of oranges, pomegranates, figs, and carobs. Almonds are also produced. Farms in the south, except for the Algarve, are large estates (typically 1,000 hectares or more in size) known as latifúndios, worked by a landless, wage-earning rural work force. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, these large estates were taken over by the state and turned into collective farms. During the 1990s, as the radicalism of the Revolution moderated, collectivized agriculture was seen as counterproductive, and the nationalized estates were gradually returned to their original owners in exchange for cash payments or small parcels of land for the collective farm workers.Portugal adopted the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) when it joined the European Union (EU) in 1986. The CAP, which is based on the principles of common pricing, EU preferences, and joint financing, has shifted much of Portugal's agricultural decision making to the EU. Under the CAP, cereals and dairy products have experienced declines in prices because these are in chronic surplus within the EU. Alentejo wheat production has become unprofitable because of poor soils. However, rice, tomatoes, sunflower, and safflower seed and potatoes, as well as Portuguese wines, have competed well under the CAP system. -
8 meadow
* -
9 meadow
pelouse; pré* -
10 meadow
* -
11 coniferous forest
хвойный лес
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
coniferous forest
A forest type characterized by cone-bearing, needle-leaved trees. They are generally, but not necessarily, evergreen and relatively shallow-rooted. Since they grow more rapidly than most broad-leaved trees, conifers are extensively planted as a source of softwood timber and pulp. They are tolerant of wide-ranging climatic conditions, of many different types of soil and of considerable differences in terrain. Thus, they are found from the polar latitudes to the tropics, on most types of soils (especially, thin acid soils) and from mountain summits to coastal environments. (Source: WHIT)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > coniferous forest
-
12 desert
* -
13 tundra
tundra; zona de tundra* -
14 desert
* -
15 tundra
toundra; zone de toundra* -
16 desert
* -
17 tundra
Tundra; Tundrazone* -
18 forest
* -
19 taiga
aciculisilva; bosque boreal; taiga*English-Spanish dictionary of Geography > taiga
20 forest
bois; forêt*Страницы- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
mountain ecosystem — ▪ ecology Introduction complex of living organisms in mountainous areas. Mountain lands provide a scattered but diverse array of habitats in which a large range of plants (plant) and animals (animal) can be found. At higher altitudes… … Universalium
Mountain yellow-legged frog — Conservation status Endangered (IUCN 3 … Wikipedia
Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserve — IUCN Category IV (Habitat/Species Management Area) Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserve … Wikipedia
Spring Mountain District AVA — Infobox Wine Region name = Spring Mountain District AVA caption = Above the Napa Valley official name = other name = type = American Viticultural Area year = 1993Code of Federal Regulations. [http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text… … Wikipedia
Pacific mountain system — ▪ mountains, North America Introduction series of mountain ranges that stretches along the Pacific coast (Coast Ranges) of North America from northern British Columbia (Canada) to northwestern Mexico. They run for some 4,500 miles (7,250… … Universalium
Sonoma Mountain — Infobox Mountain Name = Sonoma Mountain Photo = Sonomamtnfrmannadel.jpg Caption = Northeast flanks of Sonoma Mountain viewed from Annadel State Park. Elevation = convert|2287|ft|m|0|lk=on|abbr=on Location = Sonoma County, California, USA Range =… … Wikipedia
San Bruno Mountain — Infobox Mountain Name = San Bruno Mountain Photo = San Bruno Mountain.jpg Photo size = 300px Caption = San Bruno Mountain, from Daly City pushpin pushpin label position = right pushpin map caption = Location of San Bruno Mountain in California… … Wikipedia
Marble Mountain Wilderness — IUCN Category Ib (Wilderness Area) … Wikipedia
Sourland Mountain — The Sourland Mountain is a convert|17|mi|km|0 long ridge in central New Jersey, extending from the Delaware River at Lambertville to the western end of Hillsborough Township near the community of Neshanic in Branchburg Township, through… … Wikipedia
Mammoth Mountain — from U.S. Route 395 Elevation 11,059 ft (3,371 m) … Wikipedia
Hood Mountain — Infobox Mountain Name = Hood Mountain Photo = Hoodmtndown.jpg Caption = Hood Mountain viewed from Sonoma Valley Elevation = 2,730 feet (832 m) Location = Sonoma County, California, USA Range = Mayacamas Mountains Prominence = Coordinates =… … Wikipedia
Перевод: с английского на все языки
со всех языков на английский- Со всех языков на:
- Английский
- С английского на:
- Все языки
- Испанский
- Немецкий
- Русский
- Французский
mountain soils
18+
© Академик, 2000-2024
- Обратная связь: Техподдержка, Реклама на сайте
Экспорт словарей на сайты, сделанные на PHP, Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, MODx.